Karaganda

Karaganda, also known as Qaraghandy or Karagandy, (Kazakh: Қарағанды/Qarağandy, .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}pronounced [qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə] ⓘ; Russian: Караганда, pronounced [kərəɡɐnˈda]) is the capital of Karaganda Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is the fifth most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty (Alma-Ata), Astana, Shymkent and Aktobe. Population: 497,777 (2020 Estimate);[3] 459,778 (2009 Census results);[4] 436,864 (1999 Census results).[4] Karaganda is approximately 230 km (140 mi) south-east of Kazakhstan's capital Astana. The city has been a major center for coal mining throughout much of its modern history, and experienced major growth during the Soviet Union as its coal industry developed. Coal mining remains a significant part of the city's economy. The name "Karaganda" is derived from "caragana" bushes (Caragana arborescens, Caragana frutex), which are abundant in the area.[citation needed]